![]() Would the shah’s regime fall? Would protest be suppressed, or peter out? Iranians polled friends and strangers ceaselessly to find answers to these questions, yet the answers careened unpredictably. As protest mounted against the shah, Iranians had no idea what was going to happen. In particular, we discover an atmosphere of overwhelming confusion. The more we learn about the details of the revolution, the more evidence we find that resists existing explanations. These theories lead us to expect sullen quiescence in the face of the monarchy’s armed forces, or scattered protest in light of the radicals’ lack of resources, or various other scenarios. According to social-scientific explanations for revolution, it shouldn’t have happened when it did, or at all. The Iranian Revolution is deviant in an academic sense as well. ![]() By comparison, less than 2 percent of the population participated in the French Revolution, and less than 1 percent participated in the overthrow of Soviet communism. Indeed, the Iranian Revolution was one of the most popular upheavals in world history: viii Preface 10 percent or more of the Iranian population participated in the demonstrations and general strike that toppled Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. ![]() It imposed the first Islamic republic in recent times, and it remains the only instance of a mass Islamic revolt. Although I have shed some of my ignorance, I still see the Iranian Revolution as a “deviant” case. Since that time I have studied the Persian language, visited Iran, and met and worked with untold numbers of Iranians. Continued reference to “the Ayatollah” in the West was a sign of ignorance or hostility. In 1978, during the revolution, he came to be referred to as “Imam,” a unique title that set him apart from other high-ranking ShiÐi Muslim religious scholars. As I started to learn about Iranian history, I realized how misguided our reference to “the Ayatollah” had been, given that there are many ayatollahs, and that Ruhollah Khomeini-our target-no longer carried this title in Iran. I was quite embarrassed when a teacher later pointed this out to me. They probably did not realize-I know we didn’t-that the mosque was Saudi affiliated, that almost all Saudis and Iranians were of different sects within Islam (Sunni and ShiÐi), and that the Islamic governments of Saudi Arabia and Iran were mutually hostile. In rush-hour traffic outside a mosque, we waved placards that read, “Honk if you hate the Ayatollah.” Lots of drivers honked. I remember participating in an anti-Iran rally with some of my high school classmates. A quarter-century has passed, and I still recall my outrage. DS318.8.K87 2004 955.05′42-dc22 2003056907 Designed by Gwen Nefsky Frankfeldt Contents Preface vii 1 Introduction 2 The Emergence of Protest: Political Explanations 1977 3 Mobilization of the Mosque Network: Organizational Explanations Early 1978 1 12 33 4 ShiÐi Appeals: Cultural Explanations Mid-1978 50 5 General Strike: Economic Explanations Fall 1978 77 6 Failure of the Fist: Military Explanations Winter 1978–1979 105 7 A Viable Movement: Anti-Explanation Winter 1978–1979 125 8 Conclusion 163 About the Sources 175 Notes 187 References 239 Acknowledgments 281 Index 283 Preface Iran first entered my consciousness, as it did many Americans’, when U.S. The unthinkable revolution in Iran / Charles Kurzman. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran THE UNTHINKABLE REVOLUTION IN IRAN C H A R L E S H A R V A R D K U R Z M A N U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England Copyright © 2004 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2005 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kurzman, Charles.
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![]() ![]() Your account should not exist solely to submit your own work try to engage in the community. We encourage all users to post original content that they are proud of. Users should be members of the sub first - promoters second. Self-Promotion / Advertising Submissions and comments that self-promote / advertise may be removed by the discretion of the moderator. A moderator may remove a post or comment at their discretion if it lacks sufficient evidence. Please view our rules for the full list.Ĭlaims require proper evidence Please provide additional evidence, such as screenshots or videos, when speaking about the actions of community figures or reporting bugs. This includes, but is not limited to: Beginner questions/advice, LFT, memes, highlights, etc. Posts with the intent to harass or harm users will be removed.ĭisallowed Content To keep the sub competitive-focused, we remove submissions that can flood the community & degrade the quality of content. Be civil and respectful when talking to other users. No harmful / destructive behavior towards other users or community members Please respect the users and public figures in our community. ![]() For spoiler free match VODs, check out Juked.gg or disable spoilers on VLR.GG (option in top right). Mark your posts as a Spoiler or user Reddit's native spoiler text when applicable. Spoiler Titles are not allowed until 12 hours after an event Do not reference match outcomes in your post title until 12 hours after the result. Clips from co-streams are acceptable as long as the co-streamer adds additional value to the clip and does not take away from the initial broadcast. Gameplay highlights must originate from a Tournament Broadcast Gameplay highlights (such as Twitch clips) must originate from an official Tournament broadcast. Competitive First Submissions should be related to: VALORANT Esports and its community, or meta / gameplay changes, and high quality critique of the competitive ladder. ![]() All Bome Network MIDI connections are persistent and are re-established after a reboot. The In-App-Purchase Bome Network Pro allows reliable network MIDI from computer to computer (similar to Apple’s network MIDI/rtpMIDI). An integrated MIDI Router will let you take full control of your MIDI gear. It can also enhance the security of these devices, and is much simpler than setting up a VPN directly on your router.Bome Network is a versatile tool for macOS, Windows, and iOS to set up low latency and robust network MIDI connections to one or more BomeBoxes. This is the easiest way to share VPN connections to devices that don’t support VPN natively, and allows you to access geo-blocked content on any device you own. Setting up a virtual router on your PC allows your computer to become a router itself. However, connect your device to a virtual router with a VPN active, and you’ll have all the anonymity and security benefits a VPN can provide as well. While you can use something called Smart DNS to access different content on PS4 and PS5, that doesn’t provide the anonymity a true PS4 VPN or Smart TV VPN does. Many people use devices like their PlayStation as their main Internet browsing device. That might be for unblocking regional Netflix content, but that’s not the only reason. What can I use a virtual router for?Īs we previously mentioned, the most popular reason for using a virtual router is to allow VPN connections to be used by devices that don’t support VPN natively. ![]() And, of course, about ten minutes of your time. (Image credit: ShutterStock) What do I need to set up a virtual router?Īll you need is a VPN subscription (we usually recommend ExpressVPN for this kind of use as in our testing it’s proven to be the most reliable for content unblocking), a PC, and the device you want to share your connection with. A virtual router allows you to change location at a moment’s notice, in the same way you normally would when using a VPN on your PC. It’s worth noting that setting up a router VPN can do a similar job – and doesn’t require you to use a PC as a go-between – but it’s a lot harder to change location, setup can be intensive, and you may need to buy a new router. ![]() This hugely enhances the usefulness of dedicated streaming devices, and can make your streaming subscriptions go a lot further with very little effort. With a streaming VPN this is super simple to do on more advanced devices like smartphones and PCs, but for more basic products a virtual router is essential.īy setting your Netflix VPN-enabled virtual router to a certain location – let’s say the UK when you’re actually in the US – you can access different media on sites like Netflix, and also access totally blocked sites like BBC iPlayer when you’re out of their service area. The main reason for using a virtual router with streaming devices like Roku is to access geo-blocked content. To find out exactly how to set one up, check out our guide on how to set up a virtual router and follow the steps. Your PC acts as a go-between, layering on VPN protection for devices down the chain to benefit from. This is done by firing up a VPN on your PC, then connecting your other device to the network your PC is sending out rather than to your normal router. A virtual router is the term for when you turn your desktop or laptop PC into a router itself.īy doing this, other devices can connect to your PC, much like a mobile hotspot on your smartphone. The biggest bonus is that by setting your PC up as a virtual router, you can share VPN connections with devices that can’t have VPN software installed directly – which includes game consoles, Roku, some Smart TVs, Apple TV, and other older devices that you’ve still got in action. We all know what a router is – in layman’s terms it’s a device that allows any device with a networking capability to connect to the Internet. ![]() “Just jaw-dropping amounts of disgust here on multiple levels. Lisa Ann Walter slammed Megan Fox for breaking SAG-AFTRA’s Halloween costume rules. “It’s the complete lack of respect for me,” strike captain Chelsea Schwartz posted in reply. Several of Walter’s followers commented their disgust for Fox and her complete disregard for those involved in the SAG-AFTRA strike. 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If you already have a Microsoft account, log in now.Go directly to the official Microsoft 365 free trial page.But it’s limited in terms of templates, formatting options, storage space, and it only works if you’re online.Ī better option that will give you full access to all its powerful features, is to use this link to the official Word download page, and get a 30-day free trial, which is great for doing some short-term writing tasks without having to make a payment.įollow the steps below, and I’ll show you how to register your account, start the free trial, and download and install Word on your PC for free.ĭownload Word for Free for 1 month! How to Download and Install Word for Free The only safe solution I found is the limited online version of Word, which I could use for free after creating a Microsoft account. What I did find is either a pirated version or malware and in most cases, even the pirated version is infected with malware. I know it because I tried so many times, just to find out that Microsoft isn’t giving away its most powerful word-processing tool for free. Written by: Shauli Zacks Last updated on DecemFact-checked by Justyn Newman įinding a free version of Word can be a tough mission. ![]() ![]() Best Parental Control for iPhone & iPad.IPVanish VPN vs Private Internet Access. From Yugo, the tiger, to Long, the dragon, each character brings its own uniqueness. Characters can transform into wild beasts that have incredible strength and speed. As relations between humans and the Zoanthropes grow sour, a new breed of Zoanthropes brawl in an all-out war in the second installment of the Bloody Roar series of 3D fighting games. Trong, phin bn 3 v 4, 5, ngi dng cn ci t gi lp Ps2 c th chi c, cn bn 1 v 2 chy ci t l c th chi lun. One of the main attractions of Bloody Roar 2 is its unique transformation concept. Game u trng th hin ti c 5 phin bn bao gm Bloody Roar 1, Bloody Roar 2 v Bloody Roar 3,4, 5. 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Signal iOS users can send private messages and make secure calls to other Signal users anywhere in the world for free over the internet. ![]() Reinstalling? Follow these steps to restore from a previously created backup or transfer from an existing phone. Having issues installing on an Android phone? Follow these troubleshooting steps. ![]() Follow the on-screen instructions to complete the registration process.Install and open Signal from the Google Play Store.Confirm that your phone is running Android 5.0 or later.Signal-to-Signal messages are secure and free to send and receive using any internet connection enabled on your phone, including WiFi and mobile data.All Signal-to-Signal communication is private and end-to-end encrypted.Signal Android users can send private messages and make secure calls to other Signal users anywhere in the world for free over the internet. Signal is privacy that fits in your pocket (or on your desk).ĭownload Signal here or follow the installation steps for your platform. Still, there are multiple ways to share GIFs, even for the desktop version.ĭo you often send GIFs in Signal? Do you prefer the mobile or desktop version? Tell us in the comments section below.Fast, simple, secure. ![]() While the Signal app allows you to browse GIPHY within, this isn’t possible with the desktop client. GIFs are a fun way to explain a process, display your reaction, or catch someone’s attention. Many users don’t use Signal on their computers because there isn’t an option to send GIFs, unlike similar apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram. If the GIF is already on your computer, follow these steps: Drag the GIF from the desktop and press “Enter” to send it.Open the Signal app and go to any chat.Paste the link into the message bar and press “Enter.”.Search for a GIF that you want to share or visit GIPHY.The first is to copy the link of the GIF and share it: However, this doesn’t mean that you can’t share GIFs on the desktop app. There’s an option to send stickers but none for GIFs. The plus sign access files on your computer. When you press the smiley icon, you’ll only see the available emojis. Although similar to the mobile app, the GIFs functions are different in that there isn’t an option to browse GIPHY within the app. Browse through the folders and find the relevant GIF.Sharing GIFs is possible if you follow these steps: Select the downloaded GIF and tap the arrow to send it. Recently saved files will appear below.Tap the plus sign at the bottom-right corner.Find one that you like and save it to your Android device.Type “gif” at the end to get the most relevant results. Open your browser and search for a GIF.If you want to download a GIF online and send it through Signal, follow the steps below: Select one and press the arrow to send it.Browse the available GIFS or use the search bar to find a category.Tap the smiley icon at the bottom-left corner.Select the person to whom you want to send a GIF.Here’s how to browse and send GIFs within the app: You can browse GIFs within the app, download them from any website and share them with your contact, or send the ones you’ve created. Signal is also available as an Android app with a few differences. How to Use GIFs in Signal on an Android Device Press the plus sign at the bottom-left corner.If you’ve created a GIF and want to show it to someone on Signal, follow these steps: Tap the GIF and it will be automatically sent to your contact.Tap the plus icon and the recently saved files should appear below.In the search bar, type the GIF name and add “gif” at the end.You can also download one and share it with your Signal contacts: ![]() When you’ve selected a GIF, press the arrow at the bottom-right corner.Select the contact you want to chat with.To use GIFs in Signal on your iPhone, follow the steps below: We’ll dive into the available methods and how to use them across platforms. This article will discuss the use of GIFs in Signal. If you’re new to the app and wondering how to use them, look no further. Signal is one of many apps that support GIFs. In addition to texting friends and family, you can use GIFs to better represent your reaction or add a bit of humor. |
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